Introduction: Biodesulfurization is used as a selective method for lowering the sulfur content of petroleum products.Materials and methods: A sulfur-oxidation bacterial strain named Rhodococcus erythropolis R1 (NCBI GenBank Accession No. GU570564) was used in this study for desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT).Results: The induced culture of strain R1 was able to produce 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2- HBP) from DBT followed 4S pathway without further degrading carbon backbone. This process confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The specific activity of DBT desulfurization by R1 was 45 mM (g dry wt) -1 h-1. The addition of Tween 80 as surfactant and glycerol as carbon source determines a 100% rate of DBT-desulfurization during 3 days. The heavy plasmid detected in R1 strain carries dsz genes responsible for biodesulfurization of DBT that was shown by PCR reaction. The mutant strains which had lost this plasmid also had lost desulfurization phenotype. Both mutant and wild strain were sensitive to high concentration of 2-HBP and some antibiotics.Discussion and conclusion: Strain R1 desulfurize DBT through the sulfur-specific degradation pathway or 4S pathway with the selective cleavage of carbon-sulfur (C-S) bonds without reducing the energy content. Addition of surfactant enhanced the desulfurization of DBT by increasing its bioavailability and also could improve the growth and desulfurization rate. The location of desulfurization genes was on a heavy plasmid in strain R1. Based on the results of this study, R. erythropolis R1 could serve as a model system for efficient biodesulfurization of petroleum oil without reducing the energy value.

Language as a social phenomenon is a reflection of thoughts and ideologies of actors and speakers. It contains the beliefs, worldviews, beliefs, and thoughts of its speakers. It constantly reflects immortalized and encrypted ideologies. Each speaker, from his own point of view, ascribes to the world, its phenomena and realities, and looks from the angle of his own view to represent those realities. Ideologies are hidden within language and subtly submerged in social structures and become social conventions. Divorce demanding women, as social activists in the family courts, use a variety of linguistic strategies and tools in order to persuade and ideologically inspire their audience in the courts. To probe into the way divorce demanding women use Negative constructs for ideological expression of their desires and persuading the judge, the present study explored Negative constructs in divorce demanding women’ s discourse in family courts based on van Dijk’ s (2006) theory of society-Knowledge and discourse. A total of 60 meetings were attended in the counseling center of families of the Public and Revolutionary Tribunal of Zahedan and divorce demanding women’ s remarks were collected. The findings of the study showed that the participants used Negative construction in order to magnify their positive points and reduce Negative points of themselves.

According to the contemplations advanced by Russian formalists as well as scholars such as Lui Shtrus with regards to the concept of construct and its attributes, any change in the construct will influence all constituents of the construct.  These transformations are concerned with the structures of construct in each cycle. As the structures of construct are perfect, the other structures cannot be in a state of complete decline. Looking at the cultural history of Iran from the same perspective, one can see that the structures of construct were perfect in the 4th century. Thus, all smaller structures such as poetry, prose, music, mysticism, medicine and architecture enjoyed a prominent position. The wisdom liberty in poets and mu'tazilites's discussions is the main reason behind the prominence and grandeur of Iranian culture and its macro scale structure in Ferdowsi and Biruni age. The dominance of Ashaari doctrines over the Iranian culture led to the decline of wisdom with the structures of constructs secured by certainty giving way to skepticism arguments and logical propositions replaced by speculative propositions.

The two most significant sources of uncertainty are randomness and incomplete information. In real systems, we wish to monitor processes in the presence of these two kinds of uncertainty. This paper aims to construct a fuzzy statistical control chart that can explain existing fuzziness in data while considering the essential variability between observations. The proposed control chart avoids defuzzification methods such as fuzzy mean, fuzzy mode, fuzzy midrange, and fuzzy median. The out-of-control states are determined based on a fuzzy in-control region and a simple and precise graded exclusion measure that determines the degree to which fuzzy subgroups are excluded from the fuzzy in-control region. The proposed chart is illustrated with a numerical example.

There are several multi-dimensional constructs in management literature for which scholars have not determined the relation between the construct and its dimension. This article aims at introducing different kinds of multi-dimensional constructs and explaining their various relations with the corresponding dimensions. In planning a research, not only the theoretical relation between multi-dimensional construct and its dimensions but also the relation between dimensions and indictors need to be taken into account. Failure to recognize the relation between dimensions and indictors will give rise to an increase in measurement error in verification of the construct. This paper offers different models of the relation between dimensions and indictors and also expresses a variety of multi-dimensional constructs verification methods based on their type.